3
Page from A People's History of the United States:

that which they produce by their labor, through an economic organization of the working class without affiliation with any political party....
idea of craft unions:

One of the IWW pamphlets explained why it broke with the AFL
The directory of unions of Chicago shows in 1903 a total of 56 different trades unions of the American Federation of Labor. unions in the packing houses, divided up still more in 14 different national What a horrible example of an army divided against itself in the face of a strong combination of employers...

The IWW (or "Wobblies," as they came to be called, for reasons not really clear) aimed at organizing all workers in any industry into "One Big Union," undivided by sex, race, or skills. They argued against making contracts with the employer, because this had so often prevented workers from striking on their own, or in sympathy with other strikers, and thus turned union people into strikebreakers. Negotiations by lead-es for contracts replaced continuous struggle by the rank and file, the Wobblies believed. They spoke of "direct action":

Direct action means industrial action directly by, for, and of the workers themselves, without the treacherous aid of labor misleaders or scheming politi-cians. A strike that is initiated, controlled, and settled by the workers directly afected is direct action... Direct action is industrial democracy.
One IWW pamphlet said: "Shall I tell you what direct action..
Page from A People's History of the United States: that which they produce by their labor, through an economic organization of the working class without affiliation with any political party.... idea of craft unions: One of the IWW pamphlets explained why it broke with the AFL The directory of unions of Chicago shows in 1903 a total of 56 different trades unions of the American Federation of Labor. unions in the packing houses, divided up still more in 14 different national What a horrible example of an army divided against itself in the face of a strong combination of employers... The IWW (or "Wobblies," as they came to be called, for reasons not really clear) aimed at organizing all workers in any industry into "One Big Union," undivided by sex, race, or skills. They argued against making contracts with the employer, because this had so often prevented workers from striking on their own, or in sympathy with other strikers, and thus turned union people into strikebreakers. Negotiations by lead-es for contracts replaced continuous struggle by the rank and file, the Wobblies believed. They spoke of "direct action": Direct action means industrial action directly by, for, and of the workers themselves, without the treacherous aid of labor misleaders or scheming politi-cians. A strike that is initiated, controlled, and settled by the workers directly afected is direct action... Direct action is industrial democracy. One IWW pamphlet said: "Shall I tell you what direct action..
Page from Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States:One morning in June 1905, there met in a hall in Chicago a convention of two hundred socialists, anarchists, and radical trade unionists from all over the United States. They were forming the I.W. W-the Industrial Workers of the World. Big Bill Haywood, a leader of the Western Federation of Miners, recalled in his autobiography that he picked up a piece of board that lay on the platform and used it for a gavel to open the convention:

Fellow workers.... This is the Continental Congress of the working class. We are here to confederate the workers of this country into a working-class movement that shall have for its purpose the emancipation of the working: class from the slave bondage of capitalism.... The aims and objects of this organization shall be to put the working-class in possession of the economic power, the means of life, in control of the machinery of production and dist-bution, without regard to the capitalist masters.

On the speakers' platform with Haywood were Eugene Debs, leader of the Socialist party, and Mother Mary Jones, a seventy-five-year-old white-haired woman who was an organizer for the United Mine Workes of America. The convention drew up a constitution, whose preamble said:

The working class and the employing class have nothing in common There can be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among millions of working people and the few, who make up the employing class, have al
the...
Page from Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States:One morning in June 1905, there met in a hall in Chicago a convention of two hundred socialists, anarchists, and radical trade unionists from all over the United States. They were forming the I.W. W-the Industrial Workers of the World. Big Bill Haywood, a leader of the Western Federation of Miners, recalled in his autobiography that he picked up a piece of board that lay on the platform and used it for a gavel to open the convention: Fellow workers.... This is the Continental Congress of the working class. We are here to confederate the workers of this country into a working-class movement that shall have for its purpose the emancipation of the working: class from the slave bondage of capitalism.... The aims and objects of this organization shall be to put the working-class in possession of the economic power, the means of life, in control of the machinery of production and dist-bution, without regard to the capitalist masters. On the speakers' platform with Haywood were Eugene Debs, leader of the Socialist party, and Mother Mary Jones, a seventy-five-year-old white-haired woman who was an organizer for the United Mine Workes of America. The convention drew up a constitution, whose preamble said: The working class and the employing class have nothing in common There can be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among millions of working people and the few, who make up the employing class, have al the...
13
Page from A People's History of the United States:

that which they produce by their labor, through an economic organization of the working class without affiliation with any political party....
idea of craft unions:

One of the IWW pamphlets explained why it broke with the AFL
The directory of unions of Chicago shows in 1903 a total of 56 different trades unions of the American Federation of Labor. unions in the packing houses, divided up still more in 14 different national What a horrible example of an army divided against itself in the face of a strong combination of employers...

The IWW (or "Wobblies," as they came to be called, for reasons not really clear) aimed at organizing all workers in any industry into "One Big Union," undivided by sex, race, or skills. They argued against making contracts with the employer, because this had so often prevented workers from striking on their own, or in sympathy with other strikers, and thus turned union people into strikebreakers. Negotiations by lead-es for contracts replaced continuous struggle by the rank and file, the Wobblies believed. They spoke of "direct action":

Direct action means industrial action directly by, for, and of the workers themselves, without the treacherous aid of labor misleaders or scheming politi-cians. A strike that is initiated, controlled, and settled by the workers directly afected is direct action... Direct action is industrial democracy.
One IWW pamphlet said: "Shall I tell you what direct action..
Page from A People's History of the United States: that which they produce by their labor, through an economic organization of the working class without affiliation with any political party.... idea of craft unions: One of the IWW pamphlets explained why it broke with the AFL The directory of unions of Chicago shows in 1903 a total of 56 different trades unions of the American Federation of Labor. unions in the packing houses, divided up still more in 14 different national What a horrible example of an army divided against itself in the face of a strong combination of employers... The IWW (or "Wobblies," as they came to be called, for reasons not really clear) aimed at organizing all workers in any industry into "One Big Union," undivided by sex, race, or skills. They argued against making contracts with the employer, because this had so often prevented workers from striking on their own, or in sympathy with other strikers, and thus turned union people into strikebreakers. Negotiations by lead-es for contracts replaced continuous struggle by the rank and file, the Wobblies believed. They spoke of "direct action": Direct action means industrial action directly by, for, and of the workers themselves, without the treacherous aid of labor misleaders or scheming politi-cians. A strike that is initiated, controlled, and settled by the workers directly afected is direct action... Direct action is industrial democracy. One IWW pamphlet said: "Shall I tell you what direct action..
Page from Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States:One morning in June 1905, there met in a hall in Chicago a convention of two hundred socialists, anarchists, and radical trade unionists from all over the United States. They were forming the I.W. W-the Industrial Workers of the World. Big Bill Haywood, a leader of the Western Federation of Miners, recalled in his autobiography that he picked up a piece of board that lay on the platform and used it for a gavel to open the convention:

Fellow workers.... This is the Continental Congress of the working class. We are here to confederate the workers of this country into a working-class movement that shall have for its purpose the emancipation of the working: class from the slave bondage of capitalism.... The aims and objects of this organization shall be to put the working-class in possession of the economic power, the means of life, in control of the machinery of production and dist-bution, without regard to the capitalist masters.

On the speakers' platform with Haywood were Eugene Debs, leader of the Socialist party, and Mother Mary Jones, a seventy-five-year-old white-haired woman who was an organizer for the United Mine Workes of America. The convention drew up a constitution, whose preamble said:

The working class and the employing class have nothing in common There can be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among millions of working people and the few, who make up the employing class, have al
the...
Page from Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States:One morning in June 1905, there met in a hall in Chicago a convention of two hundred socialists, anarchists, and radical trade unionists from all over the United States. They were forming the I.W. W-the Industrial Workers of the World. Big Bill Haywood, a leader of the Western Federation of Miners, recalled in his autobiography that he picked up a piece of board that lay on the platform and used it for a gavel to open the convention: Fellow workers.... This is the Continental Congress of the working class. We are here to confederate the workers of this country into a working-class movement that shall have for its purpose the emancipation of the working: class from the slave bondage of capitalism.... The aims and objects of this organization shall be to put the working-class in possession of the economic power, the means of life, in control of the machinery of production and dist-bution, without regard to the capitalist masters. On the speakers' platform with Haywood were Eugene Debs, leader of the Socialist party, and Mother Mary Jones, a seventy-five-year-old white-haired woman who was an organizer for the United Mine Workes of America. The convention drew up a constitution, whose preamble said: The working class and the employing class have nothing in common There can be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among millions of working people and the few, who make up the employing class, have al the...
13

Aires to protect American interests during a revolution.
1852-53-Argentina. Marines were landed and maintained in Buenos
153- Nicaragua- 10 protect American lves and interests during political
disturbances.
1853-54—Japan-The "Opening of Japan" and the Perry Expedition.
(The State Department does not give more details, but this involved the use of warships to force Japan to open its ports to the United States.] 1853-54—Ryukyu and Bonin Islands-Commodore Perry on three visits before going to Japan and while waiting for a reply from Japan made a naval demonstration, landing marines twice, and secured a coaling concession from the ruler of Naha on Okinawa. He also demonstrated in the Bonin Islands.
All to secure facilities for commerce.
1854—Nicaragua-San Juan del Norte Greytown was destroyed to avenge an insult to the American Minister to Nicaragua.]
1855-Uruguay—U.S. and European naval forces landed to protect American interests during an attempted revolution in Montevideo.
1859-China-For the protection of American interests in Shanghai. 1860Angola, Portuguese West Africa-To protect American lives and
property at Kissembo when the natives became troublesome.
1893—Hawaii—Ostensibly to protect American lives and property; actually to promote a provisional government under Sanford B. Dole. This action was disavowed by the United States.
1894 Nicaragua-To protect American interests at Bluefields following a revolution.
Aires to protect American interests during a revolution. 1852-53-Argentina. Marines were landed and maintained in Buenos 153- Nicaragua- 10 protect American lves and interests during political disturbances. 1853-54—Japan-The "Opening of Japan" and the Perry Expedition. (The State Department does not give more details, but this involved the use of warships to force Japan to open its ports to the United States.] 1853-54—Ryukyu and Bonin Islands-Commodore Perry on three visits before going to Japan and while waiting for a reply from Japan made a naval demonstration, landing marines twice, and secured a coaling concession from the ruler of Naha on Okinawa. He also demonstrated in the Bonin Islands. All to secure facilities for commerce. 1854—Nicaragua-San Juan del Norte Greytown was destroyed to avenge an insult to the American Minister to Nicaragua.] 1855-Uruguay—U.S. and European naval forces landed to protect American interests during an attempted revolution in Montevideo. 1859-China-For the protection of American interests in Shanghai. 1860Angola, Portuguese West Africa-To protect American lives and property at Kissembo when the natives became troublesome. 1893—Hawaii—Ostensibly to protect American lives and property; actually to promote a provisional government under Sanford B. Dole. This action was disavowed by the United States. 1894 Nicaragua-To protect American interests at Bluefields following a revolution.
A page from The People's History of the United States, Chapter 12, The Empire and the People

Theodore Roosevelt wrote to a friend in the year 1897: "In strict confidence, I should welcome almost any war, for I think this country needs one."
The year of the massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, it was officially declared by the Bureau of the Census that the internal frontier was closed. The profit system, with its natural tendency for expansion, had already begun to look overseas. The severe depression that began in 1893 strengthened an idea developing within the political and financial elite of the country: that overseas markets for American goods might relieve the problem of underconsumption at home and prevent the economic crises that in the 1890s brought class war.
And would not a foreign adventure deflect some of the rebellious energy that went into strikes and protest movements toward an external enemy? Would it not unite people with government, with the armed forces, instead of against them? This was probably not a conscious plan among most of the elite-but a natural development from the twin drives of capitalism and nationalism.
Expansion overseas was not a new idea. Even before the war agans.
Mexico carried the United States to the Pacific, the Monroe Doctrne looked southward into and beyond the Caribbean. Issued in 1823 when the countries of Latin America were winning independence from Spanish control, it made plain to European nations that the United States considered...
A page from The People's History of the United States, Chapter 12, The Empire and the People Theodore Roosevelt wrote to a friend in the year 1897: "In strict confidence, I should welcome almost any war, for I think this country needs one." The year of the massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, it was officially declared by the Bureau of the Census that the internal frontier was closed. The profit system, with its natural tendency for expansion, had already begun to look overseas. The severe depression that began in 1893 strengthened an idea developing within the political and financial elite of the country: that overseas markets for American goods might relieve the problem of underconsumption at home and prevent the economic crises that in the 1890s brought class war. And would not a foreign adventure deflect some of the rebellious energy that went into strikes and protest movements toward an external enemy? Would it not unite people with government, with the armed forces, instead of against them? This was probably not a conscious plan among most of the elite-but a natural development from the twin drives of capitalism and nationalism. Expansion overseas was not a new idea. Even before the war agans. Mexico carried the United States to the Pacific, the Monroe Doctrne looked southward into and beyond the Caribbean. Issued in 1823 when the countries of Latin America were winning independence from Spanish control, it made plain to European nations that the United States considered...
6

Aires to protect American interests during a revolution.
1852-53-Argentina. Marines were landed and maintained in Buenos
153- Nicaragua- 10 protect American lves and interests during political
disturbances.
1853-54—Japan-The "Opening of Japan" and the Perry Expedition.
(The State Department does not give more details, but this involved the use of warships to force Japan to open its ports to the United States.] 1853-54—Ryukyu and Bonin Islands-Commodore Perry on three visits before going to Japan and while waiting for a reply from Japan made a naval demonstration, landing marines twice, and secured a coaling concession from the ruler of Naha on Okinawa. He also demonstrated in the Bonin Islands.
All to secure facilities for commerce.
1854—Nicaragua-San Juan del Norte Greytown was destroyed to avenge an insult to the American Minister to Nicaragua.]
1855-Uruguay—U.S. and European naval forces landed to protect American interests during an attempted revolution in Montevideo.
1859-China-For the protection of American interests in Shanghai. 1860Angola, Portuguese West Africa-To protect American lives and
property at Kissembo when the natives became troublesome.
1893—Hawaii—Ostensibly to protect American lives and property; actually to promote a provisional government under Sanford B. Dole. This action was disavowed by the United States.
1894 Nicaragua-To protect American interests at Bluefields following a revolution.
Aires to protect American interests during a revolution. 1852-53-Argentina. Marines were landed and maintained in Buenos 153- Nicaragua- 10 protect American lves and interests during political disturbances. 1853-54—Japan-The "Opening of Japan" and the Perry Expedition. (The State Department does not give more details, but this involved the use of warships to force Japan to open its ports to the United States.] 1853-54—Ryukyu and Bonin Islands-Commodore Perry on three visits before going to Japan and while waiting for a reply from Japan made a naval demonstration, landing marines twice, and secured a coaling concession from the ruler of Naha on Okinawa. He also demonstrated in the Bonin Islands. All to secure facilities for commerce. 1854—Nicaragua-San Juan del Norte Greytown was destroyed to avenge an insult to the American Minister to Nicaragua.] 1855-Uruguay—U.S. and European naval forces landed to protect American interests during an attempted revolution in Montevideo. 1859-China-For the protection of American interests in Shanghai. 1860Angola, Portuguese West Africa-To protect American lives and property at Kissembo when the natives became troublesome. 1893—Hawaii—Ostensibly to protect American lives and property; actually to promote a provisional government under Sanford B. Dole. This action was disavowed by the United States. 1894 Nicaragua-To protect American interests at Bluefields following a revolution.
A page from The People's History of the United States, Chapter 12, The Empire and the People

Theodore Roosevelt wrote to a friend in the year 1897: "In strict confidence, I should welcome almost any war, for I think this country needs one."
The year of the massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, it was officially declared by the Bureau of the Census that the internal frontier was closed. The profit system, with its natural tendency for expansion, had already begun to look overseas. The severe depression that began in 1893 strengthened an idea developing within the political and financial elite of the country: that overseas markets for American goods might relieve the problem of underconsumption at home and prevent the economic crises that in the 1890s brought class war.
And would not a foreign adventure deflect some of the rebellious energy that went into strikes and protest movements toward an external enemy? Would it not unite people with government, with the armed forces, instead of against them? This was probably not a conscious plan among most of the elite-but a natural development from the twin drives of capitalism and nationalism.
Expansion overseas was not a new idea. Even before the war agans.
Mexico carried the United States to the Pacific, the Monroe Doctrne looked southward into and beyond the Caribbean. Issued in 1823 when the countries of Latin America were winning independence from Spanish control, it made plain to European nations that the United States considered...
A page from The People's History of the United States, Chapter 12, The Empire and the People Theodore Roosevelt wrote to a friend in the year 1897: "In strict confidence, I should welcome almost any war, for I think this country needs one." The year of the massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, it was officially declared by the Bureau of the Census that the internal frontier was closed. The profit system, with its natural tendency for expansion, had already begun to look overseas. The severe depression that began in 1893 strengthened an idea developing within the political and financial elite of the country: that overseas markets for American goods might relieve the problem of underconsumption at home and prevent the economic crises that in the 1890s brought class war. And would not a foreign adventure deflect some of the rebellious energy that went into strikes and protest movements toward an external enemy? Would it not unite people with government, with the armed forces, instead of against them? This was probably not a conscious plan among most of the elite-but a natural development from the twin drives of capitalism and nationalism. Expansion overseas was not a new idea. Even before the war agans. Mexico carried the United States to the Pacific, the Monroe Doctrne looked southward into and beyond the Caribbean. Issued in 1823 when the countries of Latin America were winning independence from Spanish control, it made plain to European nations that the United States considered...
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